Photography Essay - 1719 Words

Photography Photography is more than just a means for documentation. Photography is more than snap shots at a family reunion. A fine art photographer makes more choices than people realize. Point and click is not the solution for taking a photograph (John Szarkowski 9-12) . A fine art photographer may choose to freeze action or to blur it. The freezing or blurring of action is not just done at the push of a button, it takes knowledge and an understanding of how apertures and shutter speeds relate to each other under different circumstances with different types of film (Barbara London and John Upton 98). Art or not, photography is a creative process. Another characteristic that sets apart†¦show more content†¦Photographs from a fine artist are very different from the average photographers images. In the photograph class I attend now I cannot take a picture for I think it will be a good image. To my professor, who is a fine art photographer, images cannot be good just because. There is the big question that many would like the answer to. What is art and what is not art (Antonia LoSopio 9-12)? Is photography only art if it answers a question or if the photographer has a well thought out plan? Can a photograph be good just because it is pleasing to look upon? Is a photograph art for it is correctly printed and exposed (Henry Horenstein Intro)? What is art and when is the line drawn that something becomes art or is down graded to just a â€Å"nice† image? The other question is who gets to decide? What gives one person the power over another to decide what is and isn’t art? Individuals with artistic backgrounds tend to believe they poses a power over others that allows them to decide what is and what is not good art, but is art not just an independent virtue for each person to decide for themselves what they like and dislike (Szarkowski 9-12). Chemicals are an important part of photography’s creative process. Some creative toners include Sepia toner, brown toner, green toner and blue toner. Brown, green and blue toners tint the photograph the color of their name. Sepia toner is much olderShow MoreRelatedPhotography : The Benefits Of Photography1273 Words   |  6 Pages The Benefits of Photography Everywhere people go they are likely going to notice a piece of photography. Even it were to be projection of a image on a screen, a painting on a building or just a printed image in a shop window. Although there are many genres of photography such as monochrome, satellite, underwater, and panoramic, the main focus on in this project is digital photography. â€Å"Digital photography is a form of photography that uses cameras containing arrays of electronic photodetectorsRead MorePhotography And The Invention Of Photography996 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many ways one can express his feelings, and one of them is photography. Photography is a unique world, complete with its own style. For more than one hundred years, people have been using cameras to shoot or capture a part of their lives. Photography was really simple long time ago. The first camera ,was called the Pinhole camera, was invented by Ibn-Alhaytham around 1000AD. The resulting image that were taken were upside down, however, these images were not true photographic images. InRead MorePhotography And Its Impact On Photography2229 Words   |  9 PagesPhotography is an art that has been around for over a century. Throughout the years, photography has grown rapidly. It is now very popular throughout the world. There are hundreds of careers and jobs in photography. It is also a growing hobby, and for some people, it is their life. As time goes on, it will just grow in it’s popularity. Photography is a method of recording images by the action of light on a sensitive material. So basically, it is capturing images with a camera. This is a wonderfulRead MorePhotography And The Invention Of Photography911 Words   |  4 PagesApproaching the turn of the twentieth century, photography was used mainly scientifically, to gather data and make observations. Aside from some independent portrait work, the camera was not considered a highly artistic instrument. Cameras were barely given a second look i n aristocratic artistic circles. The idea that photography could not be art met challenges in Britain by the Pictorial movement, the vision of photography similar in subject to impressionist paintings that aimed to make viewersRead MoreFilm Photography : Digital Photography1036 Words   |  5 PagesIn the last decades, the photography industry has experienced a rapid transition from film photography to digital photography. Companies such as Kodak, Fujifilm, Konica, Afga, and 3M were well known and recognized names in the industry. These companies were the industry leaders on in the new millennium in regard to film photography. With the exponential growth in technology, leaders in the industry had to take decisive actions with little or no room for error in order to maintain their market shareRead MorePhotography : A Career Of Photography As A Career965 Words   |  4 Pages Photography is a very interesting career choice. It can take people to places they only ever dreamt of going . Although it is a lot of fun, it is also a lot of work. There is many different types of equipment, lighting, cameras, and photographers. You must learn about it all in order to choose the perfect type of photography you want to do. Photography, is not just about capturing photos of objects, it is about how photographers see the world. Being a photographer, there are many responsibilitiesRead MorePhotography As The Technical Side Of Photography2959 Words   |  12 PagesPhotography was only an idea before it became something tangible and memorable. 100 Ideas That Change Photography was written by Mary Warner Marien in 2011 and it is aim to help and remind people about both the artistic photography as well as the technical side of photography. This book thoroughly explains how does photography evolve throughout time and it gathers information on the most influential ideas that shaped photography from the early 19th century up to digital revolution and beyond it.Read MoreThe Impact Of Photography On Digital Photography965 Words   |  4 Pages Photography is a word derived from the Greek words, photos meaning light and graphein meaning to draw† (History of Photography). The word was first used by the scientist Sir John F.W. Herschel in 1839 (History of Photography and the Camera). It is a method of recording images by the action of light, or related radiation, on a sensitive material. The end of the 19th century was an important time in camera history. Shutters were incorporated into cameras, the size of the devices decreased and theseRead MoreThe Benefits of Photography581 Words   |  2 PagesThe first important benefit of photography is benefit in journalism. Photography effects journalism with three important ways. They are news in newspapers, social media, and TV news. Photographs usually use in newspaper news. It makes news more believable. Photography has an effective way which underlines the importance of visuality. Rene Magritte informs that Thought is what sees and can be described visually.† If there is a good photo in newspapers, and it is relevant to the news, it can increaseRead MoreManipulation Of Digital Photography And Fashion Photography1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe aim of this research project is to look at Manipulation in Digital Photography and in Fashion Photography, before and after Adobe Photoshop was invented. The term Photoshop is commonly used as expression to denote the manipulation of images and will be used in this context throughout this research project. Photoshop is one of the biggest known software used to edit photographs and as such plays a vital role in photography. Over the years Photoshop has changed drastically and this study will look

Macro Forces And The Foreclosure Crisis - 1008 Words

Macro forces affect families in many different ways. Macro forces can affect families’ housing, incomes, businesses, and jobs. Most important, macro forces affect families’ relationships. For example, marriages are destroyed, children are devastated, and friends/families are torn. Because of these macro forces, many families suffered a great deal of losses. In this paper, I will describe some of the few macro forces that families face by discussing the foreclosure in housing, economic crisis, downward social mobility, and the consequences of the Great Recession in the book Diversity in Families and in the article â€Å"Economic Woes =Family Stress†. Macro forces have played a major role in families buying homes. In the article â€Å"Economic Woes =Family Stress,† between 1996 and 2006, the value of Americans’ home doubled. For most families, this was a catastrophe. Some families were afraid that they could not buy a home while others decided they co uld purchase a home. To purchase a home, it was 2  ½ times a person’s annual salary or less (Adrian Coontz, 2008). Home buyers could put down between 10 to 20 percent of cash. For example, a family could buy a home for $450,000 and put down $45,000 to $80,000 if their income was $200,000 and they had good credit. However, if your income was lower and your credit was bad, you may not have received the same deal. As prices continue to rises, many lenders had to come up with ways for a purchaser to buy a home. In 2004, many first time homeShow MoreRelatedbusiness q@a Essay example725 Words   |  3 PagesFramework for Business Review Questions 1. How did the global economic crisis unfold? In 2008 the banking system was on the verge of collapsing. Home foreclosures soared, due to home and personal loans not being paid off. Property and the housing marketing plummeted. Layoffs put more than a million Americans out of work 2. What steps did the Federal government and the Federal Reserve take to mitigate the crisis? The Federal Reserve stepped in and bailout out AIG Congress passed theRead MoreEconomic Theory1225 Words   |  5 Pages1 and 2 related to Economic Theory (first,â€Å"How Did Economists Get It So Wrong† and second, â€Å"History of Economics Playground†), reconstruct what happened from 2006 through 2012 as it relates to microeconomic theory. Was there too much focus on the macro climate and not enough on the micro climate? Do you concur more with Krugman or Giraud? What is the basis for your opinion? Be sure to isolate other peer reviewed articles using the library that back your viewpoint and use it as a basis for analysisRead MoreIdentification of Key Performance Gaps554 Words   |  2 Pagesto be implemented organization-wide in the wake of the 2008 crisis. It is a form of rationing that does not rely on asymmetric information or an exogenous constraint on the supply of loanable funds (Ferguson Peters 1997). Credit rationing is analyzed in terms of a portfolio effect (such as diversification or a regulatory c ost) that is not directly related to the creditworthiness of individual applicants (Ferguson Peters 1997). Macro economic conditions are given greater significance, and theRead MoreScholar1972 Words   |  8 PagesG10h0103 Macro-Economics: Assignment TOPIC: There are important differences between the financial crisis that started in the United States in 2008 and the current economic crisis in Europe. Discuss these differences. What are the implications of both crises for South Africa and what policies are available locally to offset their impact? Use economic growth theory to illustrate your answer. 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However, during economic growth and stability, the state attempts to reduce the amount of people on welfare, forcing the poor or dislocated worker back into the expanding labor force. Select one: a. Feminist b. Interactionist c. Functional d. Conflict Question  9 As mentioned in thisRead MoreSpain Sub Prime Crisis7850 Words   |  32 PagesAuthor: | Supervisor: | | | Department of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ January 2014 Abstract How did the Subprime Crisis, a small problem of U.S. ï ¬ nancial markets, aï ¬â‚¬ect the entire global banking system? The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of the subprime crisis on the banking sector in Europe, with a close attention on the case of Spain. Spain is currently facing the worst crisis ever experienced in its financial history, so it would be interesting to analyze what is the real situation ofRead MoreAid for Donor Interests Essay2684 Words   |  11 Pagescurrency devaluation, social spending cuts, lower corporate taxes, export driven strategies, and removal of foreign investment restrictions . More, these loans are only granted when the countries agree to the adoption to a comprehensive programme of macro-economic stabilization and structural economic reform. The reason for keeping aid alive by the United States during and after the early history of todays debt problem, which started with the oil shock of 1973 - 1974, was on one hand to helpRead MoreThe Irish Financial Crisis Was Both Predictable and Preventable. to What Extent Do You Agree with This Statement?9406 Words   |  38 Pages2010). 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Clinical Psychology for Brain Regions and Reward- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theClinical Psychology for Brain Regions and Reward. Answer: Introduction In this essay, we blend multimodal neuroimaging information that educates the analysis and mediation of real depressive disorder, mulling over late advances in the nosology and treatment of melancholy. As for analysis, we particularly consider the upsides of tending to the heterogeneity of Anhedonia by coordinating a dimensional study area approach in assessing neuro-imaging attributes of gloom. As far as intercession, we audit late research exhibiting the neural impacts of the most proof based mediations, of quick acting antidepressants and the provincial and worldwide impacts of focusing on neural systems, Cattell (2016). Anhedonia, brain regions and reward processing have significantly been advanced in brain imaging and enabled analysts to enlarge investigations of intellectual and behavioral impedances in research with an investigation of neural circuit-level instruments that may motivate these challenges specifically, neuroimaging to contemplates reported basic and useful neural qualities basic to the pathogenesis of. Anhedonia is a predominant mental issue described by critical weakness, suicide, weight, and the biggest number of years lived with incapacity in the United States. Nearly 30% of Americans will encounter a noteworthy depressing scene in their lifespan, 70% of these people will have different depressive scenes. Given its high predominance, repeat, and huge individual and social charges, it is not astonishing that the WHO extends that Anhedonia would be the total oppressive illness on the planet in this era As indicated by the Investigative and Numerical Manual-Third Edition, a finding of Anhedonia involves a tireless unsettling influence of mind-set (trouble, or potentially in kids, crabbiness). Lost intrigue or delight in all exercises, notwithstanding no less than four of the accompanying side effects: rest aggravation, blame, loss of vitality, weakened fixation, change in craving, psychomotor tumult or hindrance, and self-destructive ideation. Given these fluctuated manifestations, it is not astounding that wretchedness is a heterogeneous issue; in reality, each of these side effects has particular hazard elements, severities, and directions. Further, both anhedonia and its individual side effects regularly co-happen with other mental issue they additionally show contrastingly both crosswise over formative stages and amongst people. Due to this heterogeneity and comorbidity among the people, it has postured critical difficulties for the finding and treatment of gloom and has impeded our capacity to anticipate long haul result of real depressive disorder. In spite of the fact that agents and clinicians have made noteworthy progressions in distinguishing depressive indications and in overseeing Anhedonia in multi-pharmacological and mental medicines, there are wide varieties in the viability and bearableness of mediations and issues identified with side effect backslide and solution non-adherence. Further, in spite of the very much-reported weight of real depressive disorder, we do not yet comprehend the pathophysiology of this issue. In endeavoring to speak about this issue, scientists have started to look at psychobiological parts of Anhedonia in the setting. For instance, with a specific end goal to propel our comprehension of the pathophysiology and result of real depressive disorder, specialists have endeavored to deconstruct gloom along unitary psychopathological measurements, for example, anhedonia or negative effect. In a current survey related anhedonic conduct to shortages in mental capacities that depend intensely on dopamine flagging, particularly cost/advantage basic leadership and reward learning, affected contrarily both by intense dangers and interminable anxiety. Different investigations have recorded shared qualities amongst Anhedonia and different issue related with blunted or negative effect, by concentrating on comparative diminished expressive practices that is measured by mechanized sound examination of discourse. In spite of the fact that these are late endeavors, these measurements of gloo m may help in anticipating treatment result Gehring, Willoughby (2012). Specialists have likewise described subjective disabilities related with dejection. Discouraged people have been observed reliably to be portrayed by troubles with restraint of adverse data and shortfalls in working memory, ruminative reactions to antagonistic mind-set states and life occasions, and the powerlessness to utilize constructive boosts to control contrary disposition. These investigations have additionally shown that inconsistencies in circulated, incorporated neural systems that include different cerebrum, connected basically and practically, underlie the unsettling influences in subjective working that have been recorded in real depressive disorder. Only as of late, in any case, have analysts started to look at unequivocally the idea of the connection amongst medical, neural system indicators of Anhedonia at different focuses amid the beginning, course of the turmoil and to utilize neural qualities to anticipate cure result. It is trusted that neuroimaging is a hopeful apparatus for clarifying the pathogenesis of real depressive disorder, Baker, Holroyd (2011). A sheltered, methodology is preferably suitable in all the distinguishing distorted conduct, mind structure, and cerebrum work in real depressive disorder. For sure, neuroimaging, one could connect a medical appraisal of depressing side effects with an investigation of cerebrum anomalies to propel the comprehension of the pathophysiology of real depressive disorder. There are three wide objectives in this audit. One portray oddities in neural arrangement and capacity in grown-ups and children with anhedonia to talk about ramifications of the variations from the norm, to begin with, for the evaluation of dejection, and second, for ways to deal with mediation with this issue Dien, (2010). The future research that is accepted would propel the comprehension of organic issues that are ensnared in the etiology and course of real depressive disorder, and in recuperation from despondency. It is started by showing a concise survey of neural parts of unipolar wretchedness and the suggestions for appraisal of real depressive disorder. Scientists utilizing basic attractive reverberation imaging (MRI) have announced variations from the norm in particular parts of the brain region in disheartened people. Utilizing of such instruments as manual volumetric, voxel-based morphometric (VBM), agents have recorded contrasts in brain regions arrangement among people with discouragement and sound panels, principally including dejection interrelated in cerebrum locales vital for this period of time and directing them to that bad feeling. Quality particular auxiliary contrasts amongst discouraged and miserable people have accounted comparative clotting in brain and the transient shaft, caudate, back cingulate, diminishing of the average PFC and lessened volumes in the foremost insula and the left front cingulate. Bigger dim issue volume in the two-sided amygdala, hippocampus, and dorsolateral PFC are established in first-degree relations of patients with real depressive disorder, proposing an instrument of hazard and real depre ssive disorder. The most reliable state-subordinate basic finding is diminishment in hippocampal volume. Via inhibitory associations with other brain subcortical arrangements, the hippocampus is involved in evaluation and direction of anxiety and in how one feels about the mind and brain. In reality, specialists have exhibited that dark issue diminishments in hippocampal capacity are related with an expanded amount of depressing scenes and with more prominent side effect seriousness and longer disease including longer spans amid which depressive scenes went untreated. Sadness related diminishments in dim issue volume in feeling administrative districts of the PFC, which incorporate ventral lateral and sgACC, and orbitofrontal cortex, mirror the association of these arrangements in weaknesses in thinking and other official capacities, control of feeling and consideration, and handling of prizes and inspiration in anhedonia. Specifically, decreases in ACC capacity are related to poor official workers. A few examinations recommend that volumetric diminishments in anterior, parts particular ly in the forebrain and midbrain, are more articulated than are diminishes in hippocampal and striatal. Truth be told, in looking at vast scale basic mind systems, analysts have reliably discovered far reaching variations from the norm in discouraged people in dim issue in the brain dorsomedial and average midbarin. Foti, Hajcak (2012) These dim issue oddities in prefrontal brain and subcortical brain parts might be related with irregularities and such issue tracts that interface to these locales. White issue hyper intensities, territories of expanded flag force on T2 MRI pictures that might be demonstrative of neuro pathological variations in these issue tracts, have been observed to be extra typical in discouraged than in sound people. White issue hyper intensities may speak to early indications of demyelination and have been accounted for to be related with more noteworthy clinical seriousness. These anatomical variations from the norm are ineffectively seen, be that as it may, and might be mistaken for vascular anomalies, especially in late-life sorrow. For instance, posthumous investigations of despondency have archived pathology in prefrontal white issue, including diminished oligodentrocyte thickness, lessened articulation of qualities identified with oligodendrocyte work, sub-atomic changes in intercellular bond particle articulation levels, and ischemic changes. It is hard to recognize, nonetheless, regardless of whether flag force contrasts reflect myelin changes, lessened axon thickness, or a completely extraordinary process identified with territorial contrasts in vasculature. Along these lines, to portray quantitatively the issue tracts amongst pre-frontal and sub-cortical districts, specialists have utilized option methodologies, for example, dispersion tensor imaging. In this editorial, it have been portrayed that ramifications of neuro-imaging for evaluation and cure of anhedonia. They are a few difficulties to inquire about in this field. For instance, patients are analyzed and cured on the premise of side effect bunches that are varied and are probably going to be triggered by various and unique organic components. Few patients can display non-covering groups of indications, yet share a similar finding and cure suggestion. Additional test includes recognizing misery from other generally co-happening issue, for example, tension. A demonstrative framework that depends on fundamental hereditary and neurobiological factors that characterize subtypes of expansive disorders rather than on side effect bunches might ideally service patients. One approach to apply this idea is recognize biomarker marks that go with particular areas of behavioral anomalies and that anticipate unmistakable treatment reactions. The recognizable proof of new biomarker targe ts in view of sickness components can possibly essentially enhance the treatment of discouragement, Holroyd, Krigolson, Lee (2011) When given many-sided quality of discouraged mind, the likewise critical coordinate neuroimaging discoveries with aftereffects of quality and protein articulation investigations that propose that dejection includes interruptions in different parts of an intricate flagging system. Parts of this system incorporate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal hub; the generation of neurotrophins and development factors; the declaration of miRNAs; the creation of proinflammatory cytokines; and the irregular conveyance of gastrointestinal flagging peptides, all of which may add to noteworthy modifications in mind-set. Undoubtedly, cytokines are embroiled in early-beginning misery in teenagers, recommending essential formative vulnerabilities in the safe and provocative frameworks. Essentially, creature models of stress introduction are utilized to propel our comprehension of the pathophysiology of sadness. These elements additionally regulate neurogenesis in cerebrum districts associated with real depressive disorder, and are practically interconnected in a manner that makes falling variations from the norm. Neuroimaging discoveries are additionally being related with particular genotypes. Advances in hereditary and imaging innovation may empower us to pick up a superior comprehension of the part of hereditary qualities in adding to cerebrum variations from the norm that expansion chance for the improvement of wretchedness Foti, Hajcak,(2009). A few specialists have contended that advancement in reward and intercession for depressive issue has been restricted by absence of legitimate demonstrative and treatment of the brain. Notwithstanding coordinating large scale and miniaturized scale level data about neural frameworks, there are a few extra arrangements that may reinforce the effect of investigations of sadness on our comprehension of evaluation and mediation. For instance, numerous neuroimaging thinks about have utilized univariate expository methods to look at single structures and particular assignment based neural capacities, which has restricted our capacity to incorporate neurobiological discoveries crosswise over modalities of reward. A multivariate scientific approach, utilizing strategies, for example, diagram hypothesis and multivariate example examinations, is probably going to be more delicate to unobtrusive neurobiologic changes than customary univariate investigations, and can be utilized to build up a mo re advanced model of despondency in view of neural system reward. Educational, discoveries of these investigations are constrained in encouraging our comprehension of the neural results of real depressive disorder, which are probably going to be better demonstrated with longitudinal examination outlines. Different people have investigated anhedonia and reward and incorporated the suitable choice of psychological assignments and the utilization of institutionalized errands that consider contrasts in execution of people at various life stages. Future investigations will profit by watchful determination of undertakings and from producing the earlier speculations about particular systems of brokenness to propel our comprehension of practical impedances in despondency. Extra utilitarian and resting state availability considers imperative to assess systems associated with clinical and neurocognitive parts of misery, for example, official capacity, self-checking, and feeling direction. What's more, standards that feature center manifestations of sadness, for example, reward, can extend how it hypothesize subtypes of gloom. Moreover, more investigations are required surveying indicative and never-sick youth at familial hazard for misery to decide if there is useful debilitation before the be ginning of dejection. Neuroimaging investigations of solid and subsyndromal youth in danger for melancholy can help in deciding end phenotypes of sadness, Delgado (2007). Investigations of young hazard for discouragement demonstrate that basic and useful neural variations go before beginning of depressing side effects, focusing on the significance of early recognizable proof of hazard variables to forestall ailment beginning and movement. Contrasted with okay partners, solid girls of discouraged moms specifically take care of negative outward appearances after a negative mind-set enlistment decipher equivocal words and stories all the more adversely, and have poorer precision in distinguishing dismal outward appearances. These negative intellectual inclinations in high-chance youth have been combined with expanded anxiety reactivity and with variations from the norm in cerebrum structure and capacity, including diminished hippocampal volumes amygdala and hyperactivity amid negative temperament acceptance joined with DLPFC and hypo action amid programmed mind-set control and deviant front limbic reactions to passionate appearances. Different investigat ions have observed familial hazard for dejection to be related with cortical diminishing adjusted white issue honesty, and lower levels of inborn availability very still. Imperatively, these anomalies in neural capacity in high-chance youth mirror those found in discouraged grown-ups and, thus, may speak to chance elements for the improvement of real depressive disorder. Investigations of high-chance populaces may likewise propose signs for versatility factors that might be vital in keeping the beginning of disease, yet longitudinal perceptions are required for this reason Hecht, Coles, Holroyd (2010) Conclusion In conclusion, regardless of these improvements in comprehending the neurobiological premise of misery, longitudinal controlled investigations are expected to look at all the more unequivocally. The idea of the connection amongst sadness and neuroimaging distinguish neurobiomarkers keeping in mind the end goal to set up sane treatment techniques in people with and in danger for creating melancholy, and to illustrate the instruments that add to ailment beginning. Through such examinations, we ought to be better ready to elucidate the multifaceted etic pathophysiology of wretchedness keeping in mind the end goal to analyze all the more precisely, and treat all the more successfully, discouraged people Holroyd, Coles (2012). Given the colossal expenses of anhedonia and the unassuming impacts of current intercessions for gloom, it is basic that we build up a more far reaching and integrative neural conceptualization of this weakening issue. References Baker, T., Holroyd, C. (2011). Dissociated roles of the anterior cingulate cortex in reward and conflict processing as revealed by the feedback error-related negativity and N200. Biological Psychology, 87, 2534. Becker, M. P. I., Nitsch, A. M., Miltner, W. H. R., Straube, T. (2014). A single-trial estimation of the feedback-related negativity and its relation to BOLD responses in a time-estimation task. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(8), 30053012. Bernat, E., Nelson, L., Baskin-Sommers, A. 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Optimizing principal components analysis of event-related potentials: Matrix type, factor loading weighting, extraction, and rotations. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116(8), 18081825. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2004.11.025. Dien, J., Frishkoff, G. (2005). Principal components analysis of event-related potential datasets. In T. C. Handy (Ed.), Event-related potentials: A methodshandbook. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Dien, J., Khoe, W., Mangun, G. R. (2007). Evaluation of PCA and ICA of simulated ERPs: Promax vs. Infomax rotations. Human Brain Mapping, 28(8), 742763.https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20304. Foti, D., Hajcak, G. (2009). Depression and reduced sensitivity to non-rewards versus rewards: Evidence from event-related potentials. Biological Psychology,81(1), 18 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.12.004. Foti, D., Hajcak, G. (2012). Genetic variation in dopamine moderates neural response during reward anticipation and delivery: Evidence from event-related potentials. Psychophysiology, 49(5), 617626. Foti, D., Weinberg, A., Dien, J., Hajcak, G. (2011). Event-related potential activity in the basal ganglia differentiates rewards from non-rewards: Temporospatial principal components analysis and source localization of the feedback negativity. Human Brain Mapping, 32(12), 22072216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21182. Gehring, W., Willoughby, A. (2012). The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses. Science, 295(5563), 22792282. https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1066893. Gehring, W., Willoughby, A. (2014). Are all medial frontal negativities created equal? Toward a richer empirical basis for theories of action monitoring. Errors,conflicts, and the brain. Current Opinions on Performance Monitoring, 1420. Gratton, G., Coles, M. G., Donchin, E. (2013). A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 55(4), 468484. Hajcak, G., Moser, J. S., Holroyd, C. B., Simons, R. F. (2016). The feedback-related negativity reflects the binary evaluation of good versus bad outcomes. Biological Psychology, 71(2), 148154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.04.001. Harper, J., Olson, L., Nelson, L., Bernat, E. (2011). Delta-band reward processing occurring during the Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN). In Poster presented at annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Boston, MA. Hewig, J., Kretschmer, N., Trippe, R., Hecht, H., Coles, M., Holroyd, C., et al. (2010). Hypersensitivity to reward in problem gamblers. Biological Psychiatry, 67(8),781783. Holroyd, C., Coles, M. (2012). The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 109(4), 679709. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.109.4.67. Holroyd, C., Krigolson, O., Lee, S. (2011). Reward positivity elicited by predictive cues. NeuroReport, 22(5), 249.

VerbalEmotional Abuse Essay Research Paper Verbal and free essay sample

Verbal/Emotional Abuse Essay, Research Paper Verbal and Emotional Abuse Verbal or emotional maltreatment is a really serious affair that 1000000s of people suffer from each and every twenty-four hours. This sort of maltreatment is really difficult on both the maltreater and the victim because of the lay waste toing consequences it has on the people? s emotions and everything they do. In America today there are one to two million people enduring from this sort of maltreatment. Verbal or emotional maltreatment, is when a individual, the maltreater, tries to do his or her ain ego feel better by seting down a certain person, the victim. The longer this goes on, the harder it is for the victim to retrieve his or her self-esteem. Verbal or emotional maltreatment are put downs that happen on a regular footing from one peculiar individual, normally done in private. These put downs are largely abuses that tell you that you are no good. We will write a custom essay sample on VerbalEmotional Abuse Essay Research Paper Verbal and or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These phrases, ? You are Ugly, ? ? You wear? t deserve to populate, ? Its your mistake, ? are illustrations of verbal or emotional maltreatment. The maltreater persuades the victim to do them believe something that is untrue and harmful by utilizing words. They use these words to assail, ache, injure person, or to derive power over them. These sorts of maltreatment, performed by the maltreater, are done for assorted grounds. The maltreater may hold such low self-prides, that they use these hurtful put downs to do themselves experience better, by highering their ain self-pride. They may besides acquire some kind of barbarous pleasance or enjoyment out of seeing other people suffer. When the maltreater is confronted with verbally or emotionally mistreating person they merely deny it. Another ground a individual would verbally or emotionally abuse s omeone, is because they believe they are acting usually and are incognizant that they are truly aching the victim with these powerful words. The victims in emotional and verbal maltreatment state of affairss, normally are non the 1s to place they are being abused. They normally find out about this after seeking professional aid because of marks of depression and unmanageable temper swings, normally shouting. The counsellors or Psychologist, can normally observe a instance of this sort of maltreatment when the victim invariably feels worthless and has no control over emotional effusions. When the maltreater uses these hateful suggestions on the victim, it rips their self-esteem apart, every bit good as their emotions. They besides began to experience that it is their ain mistake that they are acquiring verbally or emotionally abused, because the maltreater puts this consequence on the victim. The victim? s assurance beads and feels the maltreater has complete control over them. In these opprobrious state of affairss, it is difficult for the victim to seek out aid, because they are incognizant of the maltreatment go oning to them. Normally an perceiver of this maltreatment has to mention the victim and allow them cognize what is really go oning to them. But one time you get assist life merely gets easier from at that place, because the counsellor or psychologist will learn you ways to cover with these hurtful words ; this manner it doesn? Ts have such a great consequence on you and your emotions. Verbal or emotional maltreatment is the hardest type of maltreatment to retrieve from. Unlike physical and sexual maltreatment, which you finally acquire over, emotional or verbal maltreatment sticks with you forever. It merely takes inadvertent words to convey back this tearful and painful experience.

Knowledge And Application Of Skills Social Work Essay Essays

Knowledge And Application Of Skills Social Work Essay Essays Knowledge And Application Of Skills Social Work Essay Essay Knowledge And Application Of Skills Social Work Essay Essay Crisis can be defined as an unbearable hard state of affairs or obstruction in life, when an person s get bying mechanisms fail, farther intensifying into emotional torment and disorganisation ; therefore, doing complete immobilisation in his/her day-to-day operation and necessitating for immediate crisis intercession or referral ( James, 2008 ) . Crisis can originate from nerve-racking or traumatic state of affairss due to one or more issues refering to serious medical unwellness, force, personal loss of loved one, sudden homelessness due to natural catastrophes, heavy fiscal debts, colza, or broken relationships. James ( 2008 ) characterizes crisis as danger and chance, complexness of symptoms, seeds of growing and alteration, speedy holes and, by catholicity and foible. An single faces psychological issues that can overmaster concluding when crisis takes the signifier of danger, such as self-destruction or homicide. However, crisis can be seen as an chance to redemption if the individual decides to obtain aid at the right clip. Second, crisis can besides happen if a individual reaches a breakage point due to an overpowering series of multifaceted jobs and state of affairss, originating from his/her environment, establishments, and/or relationships with people. Third, crisis can take to growing and alteration if the person makes a pick at the right clip. When anxiousness precedes crisis, it finally leads to an person s admittance that the state of affairs is beyond control and resignations to intervention that brings about a alteration. However, the pick to avoid decision-making can merely ta ke to lay waste toing effects. Fourthly, people tend to fall back to quick holes when faced with crisis ; but these holes are superficial and do non convey about lasting alteration. It merely aggravates the state of affairs. Last, one understands that life is complex, and crisis is inevitable ; and even the strongest individual is susceptible to force per unit area. However, the degrees of exposure and get bying mechanisms to cover with the same state of affairs may differ from one person to another. Barjon ( 2008 ) describes the BASICS theoretical account of crisis experience as behavioural, affectional, bodily, interpersonal, cognitive and religious severally. Behavioral refers to the precursors and effects of behaviour before and after a crisis, reflected in a client s reactions ( E.g. daze, calls of terror or hurt ) . Affective is the emotional strength of the client s behavior station crisis ( E.g. Anger, fright, anxiousness, depression, shame, etc. ) . Bodily refers to the client s physical symptoms eventful to the crisis, which may show itself as insomnia, concern, spasms, shortness of breath, sickness etc. Interpersonal is a province in which the client may either experience backdown or may be given to be highly vocal and expressive. Cognitive refers to the client s thought procedure station crisis, which may come up as denial, obfuscation, daze or freak out. Last, the religious facet is the client s trust on religion to cover with the crisis ( e.g. Questioning God s pro grams and the significances and enigmas of life itself ) . In order to make crisis intercession work, ( Gregoire A ; Jungers, 2007 ) the crisis worker should possess appraisal accomplishments to implement the six-step theoretical account of crisis intercession: 1 ) Specifying the job: Regardless of clip restraints, it is indispensable to infer a speedy effect of the state of affairs, to avoid any mistakes in misinterpreting the client. It is imperative to understand the client and his/her pursue the point of position. 2 ) Guaranting safety: Crisis workers should keep their safety by being qui vive of any at hand dangers that could impact the client or themselves ; nevertheless, they are non apt to endanger their lives in the procedure. 3 ) Supplying support: Similar to client-centered therapy, the crisis worker should show and pass on congruity, unconditioned positive attitude, and empathy, to do the client feel valued and accepted. 4 ) Analyzing options: In a province of crisis, the client can no longer treat ideas and do determinations as they feel there are no options left. Therefore, the worker should believe creatively, and supply the client with options and suggest get bying mechanisms as a manner to reimburse and self-actualize ( p. 560-561 ) . 5 ) Making programs: Crisis workers ( James, 2008 ) demand to be directing and prompt in inventing eventuality programs and supplying get bying schemes. They should promote the client to self-actualize inorder to recover some assurance and stableness, at least temporarily until aid arrives. Further support can be given by proposing referrals and giving directional stairss. 6 ) Obtaining committedness: The last measure should affect obtaining a steadfast committedness from the client, merely after holding reached a successful program of action. Committedness can be made symbolically, possibly by manner of a handshaking, written statement or a verbal promise. The expiration of the intercession should non take topographic point if the worker feels the client is still in the province of disequilibrium to do an honorable committedness. Conclusively, the first three stairss relate to good hearing accomplishments by go toing, demoing empathy, detecting, understanding, caring and regard ; whereas the last three stairss require moving and directing accomplishments. Another noteworthy facet to crisis intercession is the triage appraisal. Roberts ( 2005 ) asserts the importance of this appraisal as a tool to do simple, rapid and valid appraisals on the degrees of crisis and deadliness, sing the short span of clip. Triage assessment system enables the worker to roll up information if possible ( e.g. Person s demographics and background from a household member or relations ) ; gauge the individual s mobility, get bying mechanism and equilibrium ; find the badness of the state of affairs ; and, take required steps ( e.g. Supply referrals to reliable support groups, healers or short-run hospitalization ) to forestall the person from making any farther self-harm to himself/herself or to others. The worker can so agree whether to take a directive, non directive or collaborative attack. ( James, 2008 ) A good crisis worker will possess both theoretical and practical accomplishments in order to transport out crisis intercession work. Some of the salient features in an effectual worker include: 1 ) Life experiences: A worker who has more life experiences, accompanied with preparation, and have overcome their ain jobs successfully, may be able to manage clients in a better manner. There are exclusions to the instance: If the worker has non overcome his past jobs, there is an increasing inclination to reassign the negative thoughts or feelings on to the client. There are plentifulness of cases where workers decide to work with people who face the same job as they may hold undergone. 2 ) Poise: There is a high opportunity that the worker may meet unexpected or lurid state of affairss, where any show of agitation, can take the client to feed on the negativeness, and worsen the state of affairs. Therefore, keeping poise and control can promote the client to quiet down. 3 ) Creativity and flexibleness: Thinking out-of-the-box and being able to happen out different solutions and get bying mechanisms at short notice, can function as greater advantages in assisting the client reconstruct his equilibrium and concentrate on positiveness. 4 ) Quick mental physiological reactions: A crisis worker should hold speedy mental physiological reactions without which, it will be hard to manage a altering state of affairs. Considering, there is no excess clip to chew over and garner a batch of information, the worker should believe and run rapidly, being ready for any turn in events. 5 ) Energy and Resiliency: The worker has to be physically and psychologically strong to confront tough state of affairss, irrespective of the result of the intercession. Upon expiration of the intercession, crisis workers should follow resilience, and give no room for reconsideration, lest that affect their morale and consequence in a burn out. One can non compare a crisis worker s occupation to any other worker as non everyone can manage the occupation. Hoff A ; Hoff ( 2012 ) highlights the fact that the sheer work load and trouble of instances and the clip taken to do a discovery with a client can overpower the worker. Frustration is inevitable due to remote working with no way or audience on the scene of intercession. To cover with emphasis on a daily footing possibly normal, but the state of affairs could gyrate beyond control if the emphasis piles up and the worker does non vent it out. Harmonizing to Corey A ; Corey ( 2007 ) , crisis workers face intense emphasis when they mix their professional life and individual life. Crisis workers need to be resilient and emotionally strong, or they easy risk a burnout. Changeless contemplation on their ain experiences and personal transmutations which made them stronger persons is necessary to assist them step in efficaciously. The worker is fleeceable to experience responsibl e for any failed intercession. ( Hoff A ; Hoff, 2012 ) The employers can decide burnout issues by supplying the worker with compensatory vacations and periodic guidance. Introducing a problem-solving commission and revolving the workers to take part in other diverse plants can besides relieve some force per unit area. In decision, all the above kineticss confirm one fact: A crisis workers occupation of crisis intercession is demanding in all respects and it takes a strong personality and multiple accomplishments to cover with the sensitivenesss of a crisis state of affairs. Correct and timely intercession can debar farther catastrophe. The writer feels that crisis workers are like obscure heroes who do their occupation bravely and with doggedness, but disappear without acknowledgment on a occupation good done, merely to acquire ready for the following mission. Word count: 1600

Popular Cliches Explained for ESL Students

Popular Cliches Explained for ESL Students A cliche is a common phrase that has been overused. In general, cliches are to be avoided. In reality, they are not avoided - thats why they are cliches! Understanding popular cliches is especially important for English learners because they provide a deeper understanding of set phrases - or chunks of language. You might hear movie stars or politicians using cliches. Theyre phrases everybody understands.   10 Popular Cliches The writing on the wall   Something that is about to happen, something that is obviousCant you see the writing on the wall! You need to get out of that business.To pull an all-nighter   To study or work all nightWe had to pull an all-nighter to get the work finished on time.Pearls of wisdom   Wise words or adviceIm not really interested in his pearls of wisdom. He lived in a different period.Too much of a good thing   Generally used when saying thats impossible to be too happy, or luckyEnjoy it! You cant have too much of a good thing.Fit as a fiddle   To be ready and ableIm fit as a fiddle. Lets do this thing!Curiosity killed the cat   Dont be too inquisitive, it can be dangerous!Remember curiosity killed the cat. You should just forget about it.Dont do as I do, do as I say.   Used when someone points out that you are being hypocritical (doing one thing while insisting that others do that thing differently)Stop talking back! Dont do as I do, do as I say!Let sleeping dog s lie   Dont look into (investigate) something that was troublesome in the past, but in which people are not currently interestedId let sleeping dogs lie and not re-open the investigation into the crime. A cat has nine lives   Someone might be having problems now, but there are many chances to do well or succeedHis career reminds that a cat has nine lives!Moment of truth   The moment in which something important will be shown or decidedIts the moment of truth. Either well get the contract or we wont. Where Can I Find Cliches? These chunks of language known as cliches are found everywhere: in letters, in films, in articles, in conversation. However, cliches are most often used in conversation.   Should I Use Cliches? A good rule of thumb for English learners is to understand a variety of popular cliches, but not necessarily use them actively. Many times the use of a cliche signals fluency, but often cliches are considered inappropriate or unoriginal. On the other hand, if a native speaker  uses a cliche you will understand!  Ã‚   The Difference Between an Idiom and a Cliche An idiom is a phrase that means something else than the literal words. Idioms always have figurative, not literal meanings. Literal Meaning exactly what the words sayFigurative Having a different meaning than what the words say Two Idioms To get under someones skin To bother someoneShes getting under my skin these days!No spring chicken Not youngToms no spring chicken. Hes almost 70! Two Cliches A cliche is a phase which is considered overused (used too often) which can be literal or figurative in meaning. Here are some examples: The good old days / literal In the past when things were betterI remember my years at college. Yes, those were the good old days.Tip of the iceberg / figurative Only the beginning, or just a small percentageThe problems we are seeing are just the tip of the iceberg.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 406

Assignment Example Emily’s mother is concerned with his duties in order to raise Emily and this is ironic because those duties made her to fail in giving the appropriate care to Emily (Olsen 271). The story is set or moves in a long timeframe. It is set in the 1950 but it focuses back in 1930 during the time of great depression and 1940’s at the time of the Second World War. The story is also set in the narrator’s working class home as she indicates that after birth of their first child they were poor and could not afford to bring up the daughter as required (Olsen 272). In the story, Emily’s mother is contacted by her daughter’s school counsellor or teacher. She informs him about how her daughter had a trouble life while growing. The difficulties which the mother talks about her daughter include, she was left by her father when 8 years old, She was sent away to live with relatives because her mother was poor and she was sent to a convalescent home and she never enjoyed (Olsen

Transforming organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Transforming organizations - Essay Example All the theories of organizational development aim toward improving individual organizations. Such a notion of organizational development differs considerably from the traditional techniques of organizational change. This paper aims at answering the various questions related to organizational development and the traditional methods. Traditional, Pragmatic and scholarly forms of transforming organizations The traditional systems of organizational change emphasize mainly on identifying the problems arising in an organization and then making efforts to make changes to the factors that are creating such problems. It is an endeavor to bring about changes in isolated behaviors that are responsible for certain unwelcome outcomes. It does not pay much attention to the cooperative action of the managers as well as the employees at the different hierarchical levels to solve the problems. Traditionalists argue that the long established values that human beings possess should be the driving forc e of OD. It should be based on equality, faith and collaboration (Trends within OD and Their Impact on OD’s Future, 2012). The pragmatic forms relate to the growing demands for professionalization and emphasizes on relevance. They desire that OD should create a common body of knowledge, describe the minimum level of aptitude and introduce regulatory infrastructure. The scholarly forms of OD are based on the ability to understand, predict and control change. They are more inclined towards creating knowledge and figure out proactively how change is triggered and under what circumstances it works effectively. These differences are illustrated in Figure 1 (See Figure 1 in Appendix B). Changes in the methods of organizational development There are different forms of organizational development in terms of both theoretical and philosophical grounds. These different practices of organizational development have emerged, according to general thinking, as a result of a shift in the awar eness of people and their acceptance of the new theories and more importantly because, these new theories become effective in practice. They throw light on new ways of improving effectiveness of the organizations alongside staying true to the humanistic value base of the organizational development (Bushe & Marshak, 2009, p. 349). The form of OD that is prevalent and is commonly found to be explained in OD textbooks is the Diagnostic OD. Contrary to this, a new form of OD is followed by the organizations that have been named as the Dialogic form of OD. In the foundational theory of OD, organizations are believed to adapt to their outside environment similar to the way employees adapt to the internal environment of the organization. The Diagnostic OD refers to the process of collecting data for making comparisons between a team or company against a given prescriptive model. Methodologies in this process include classical research, socio-technical analysis of systems, survey feedback, SWOT analysis and effective team development. These are incorporated into the methods of problem solving and action planning. The central aspect of this form of OD lies in the assumption that the objective data can be used in the process of social discovery. The classical system of organizational development pushes people to think of companies as an assortment of structures that co-evolve with their environment and adapt to it. However the emerging practices of orga

Know “Joe” Essay Example for Free

Know â€Å"Joe† Essay During the 2008 General Presidential election, candidates John McCain and Barack Obama used media technology to create compelling stories that would hopefully shift public opinion in their favor, especially among undecided voters. With this essay, I will be analyzing one of the more controversial stories that had been flung to the forefront of the election with the release of John McCain’s I am Joe the Plumber advertisement (Kurtz). I will first show how the GOP campaign used the actual Joe Wurzelbacher, the Ohio plumber constantly mentioned by the Republican nominee as the average American middle-class citizen, in this advertisement as a popular symbol in order to try to convince voters that the McCain/Palin ticket identified with the concerns of the average middle-class voter. In contrast to the populist rhetoric of the ad, I argue that this strategy in the end failed due to a shallow and false claim that Senator Obama was in support of a socialist tax agenda that would raise taxes on middle-class incomes under $250,000 (Bumiller). The Joe the Plumber ad begins with an out of context clip of Mr. Obama saying â€Å"I think when you spread the wealth around its good for everybody. † This quote came from a campaign stop in Ohio and is the basis for the entire ‘Joe the Plumber’ phenomenon that changed the way the American public imagined an average citizen. Mr. Wurzelbacher asked Mr. Obama if he would raise taxes on people in his income bracket and this was the off-the-cuff response Mr. Obama gave. The moment was caught on camera and the McCain campaign and tried to paint Mr. Obama as a socialist in their never ending strategy of trying to make Mr. Obama appear like he is out of touch with the current state of politics. Immediately after the opening clip, the camera cuts to a succession of three close-up shots of middle-aged white women saying directly into the camera, â€Å"I am ‘Joe the Plumber’. † Next, a female narrator rhetorically asks, â€Å"Spread the wealth? † as the words themselves dissolve into the group of frowning people on screen. Next, a combined sentence of two men ensues asking, â€Å"I’m supposed to work harder just to pay more taxes? † Then, a skeptical man rhetorically asks, â€Å"Obama wants my sweat to pay for his trillion dollars in new spending? † followed by another woman stating, â€Å"I am Joe the Plumber. † At this point the narrator comes back and says, â€Å"Barack Obama: Higher taxes, more spending, not ready. † These words are bold and flash on-screen shown against a smirking picture of Obama. Of course, the commercial ends with a smiling picture of John McCain with his voiceover, â€Å"I am John McCain, and I approve this message. † It is interesting to note that this campaign had largely been fought through the media. According to a study by the Campaign Media Analysis Group, John McCain’s campaign spent close to $120 million on broadcasting television ads (Election). This figure is hard to believe and it forces the audience to think critically about how much importance the swaying of public opinion has played in this election. With this much campaign money being spent on image creation, it is obvious that every nuance to every advertisement is purposeful in its intention and message. With this in mind, I will describe how the ad changed the way I approached mediated politics. Initially, the ad made me identify with the claims presented, after all, who really wants to pay higher taxes in the middle of the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression? The people making these statements in the commercial appear to be average enough: they aren’t shown wearing expensive clothing or fancy jewelry, they talk directly into the camera, and they avoid hyperbole and demonstrate a genuine concern about these issues. Unfortunately for the McCain campaign these claims fall by the wayside upon closer inspection and research. As it turns out, the ‘real’ Samuel Joe Wurzelbacher â€Å"owed back taxes, did not have a plumbing license (he told the Associated Press he doesnt need one because he works for someone elses company), and may not have been registered to vote. † In addition, he has since admitted that under Obama’s proposed plan, he would receive a tax break because he only makes $40,000 a year; not the $250,000 he originally claimed as a small business owner (Chipman). The ‘trillion dollars in new spending’ that the ad claimed also turned out to be based on false information. The non-partisan Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget calculated that Obama promised a total of $990 billion in new spending over his first four-year term but his proposed spending cuts come to around $989 billion. This means that the net actually balances out (Dobbs). With all these false claims and the millions upon millions of dollars spent, I ultimately felt annoyed and cheated by this advertisement and the overall strategy employed by the Republican ticket. If the McCain campaign was going to continue to resort to attack ads based on false information then what would lead us, the average American public that they so repeatedly claim to identify with, to believe that they would tell the truth about important issues if they would have won the election? Another problem I have, not only with this particular ad, but with the Republican advertising campaign in general is the haste with which they adopt these media symbols without doing very much background checking on them prior to using then them for their own agenda. ‘Joe the Plumber’ is the key example here, but an even more troubling example may be McCain’s choice of Sarah Palin as a running mate. Both ‘Joe’ and Mrs. Palin greatly motivated and energized the Republican side in the short term, but as time progressed and the media and public had the chance to learn more about these campaign catalyst symbols, they eventually turned out to counter-balance the initial jolt they provided. For instance, the media picked up on the story that Governor Palin spent over $150,000 dollars on her campaign wardrobe at extravagant retailers like Saks 5th Avenue (Bumiller). This image directly contradicts the ‘average hockey mom’ mythical portrait that the GOP had fought so hard to perpetuate in order to capture middle-class citizens, especially females. Repeatedly, the Republican campaign of John McCain and Sarah Palin resorted to negative attack ads based on faulty, if not completely false, premises. The ‘Joe the Plumber’ ad continued this troubling trend. In fact, it may be the iconic example that eventually turned the tide against the Republican nominee, especially after considering that the media outted the ‘real’ Samuel Joe Wurzelbacher as a fraud and liar willing to bend his story to fit an ideological narrative. Despite this advertisement’s shaded attack against Barack Obama, in my opinion it actually did more harm to the Republican ticket due to the lack of honesty and the propagandist appeals to an imaginary middle-class whose interests are being manipulated and distorted through the media in order to sway public opinion to gain voter support. Works Cited Bumiller, Elisabeth, Jeff Zeleny. â€Å"McCain and Obama Hurl Broadsides at Each Other Over Taxes and Jobs†. The New York Times. 25 Oct. 2008. http://www. nytimes. com/2008/10/24/us/politics/24campaign. html? ref=politics. Chipman, Kim, Hans Nichols. â€Å"Obama, McCain Pit Plumbers vs Hedge-Fund Managers in Tax Debate. † Bloomberg Press. 23 Oct. 2008. http://www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=20601087sid. Dobbs, Michael. â€Å"Obama’s ‘Trillion Dollar’ Spending Plan†. The Washington Post. 1 Oct. 2008. http://voices. washingtonpost. com/fact-checker/2008/10/obamas. â€Å"Election 2008. † The New York Times. 2 Nov. 2008. http://elections. nytimes. com/2008/president/advertising/index. html Kurtz, Howard. â€Å"McCain Ad: We Are All ‘Joe the Plumber’†. The Washington Post. 22 Oct. 2008. http://voices. washingtonpost. com/the-trail/2008/10/22/mccain.

Twelfth Night :: essays research papers

Twelfth Night â€Å"Twelfth Night is a comedy of light and shade. Its characters are not unreservedly happy and the events are not unreservedly humorous.† Discuss. As a comedy, Twelfth Night is obviously intending to not only entertain its audience but also point out problems in society. It is imperative to entire merit of the play not to be realistic but to allow for empathy. Therefor to have a comedy of complete lightheartedness there would be no balance and hence no avenue for audience interaction. Without light we would have no darkness and for this reason Shakespeare has had to incorporate tragedy in order for the comedy to have it’s desired effect. The two in juxtaposition accentuate each other. The characters of Twelfth Night are neither bluntly humorous nor artlessly tragic. Twelfth Night like all Shakespearean comedies is largely about social concerns. The social messages in Twelfth Night are largely about, the need for a balance in life, that you should not judge on appearance as they can be deceptive and the importance of self awareness or the humor in lack of. Neither is artlessly or bluntly humorous, as this would detract from the greater issues he in attempting to convey. Humor instead is used in contrast to some pain to antithesis the comedy and accentuate the themes. The plot of Twelfth Night is comic it explores many social issues in it’s comedy yet is also not unrestrained in it’s humor. As a comedy Twelfth Night follows, many conventions as far as structure, the setting is in a far away â€Å"romantic† land, situation, and events somewhat steer the plot however this is certainly not without art or subtleties. Shakespeare has carefully intertwined comedy and pain in both the main and the sub plots to highlight the comedy and explore the social themes. The audience is forced to suspend disbelief that such a coincidence could occur. The audience is transported from their ordinary mundane existence and is transported into a world of chance, non-existent penalties for practical jokes and the unmistakable harmony of events. It is this incongruity compared to everyday life that is humorous. However, this summer, frivolris setting is not completely free from conflict. There is however, some predominately â€Å"lighter† characters that serve as comic relief from the more serious main plot and represent a certain â€Å"type† of people in society. Sir Toby and Sir Andrew would have been marvelously enjoyed by Shakespearean audiences as they are today. Not a scene goes by involving these to where we can laugh and the slow wit of Sir Andrew and the awkward puns of Sir Toby.

Cry of the Kalahari

Cry of the Kalahari Mark and Delia Owens were two students that studied biology at the University of Georgia. They both shared a dream of saving part of Africa's wilderness that is endangered or going extinct. They researched and made conversation projects based on the endangered wildlife in Africa for twenty-three years. They got married then shortly after they sold everything they owned and used the money to buy tickets and supplies and headed to Africa. They lived in tents for seven years in â€Å"Deception Valley,† in the Kahalari Desert of Bostwana studying black-manned lions and hyenas.In their book â€Å"Cry of the Kahalari,† published in 1984, the Owen's said they had bad living conditions. A quote from them says: â€Å"We rationed ourselves to seven gallons of water per week, for bathing, cooking, and drinking. The water from the drums tasted like hot metallic tea, and to cool it for drinking, we filled tin dinner plates and set them in the shade of the acacia . But if we didn't watch it to closely, the water would quickly evaporate or collect bees, twigs, or soil. After washing the dishes, we took sponge baths in the dishwater, and then strained the coffee-colored liquid through a cloth into the trucks radiator. They built a research station and over several years they gained the trust of the different lions and brown hyenas. Mark Owens later went to South Africa to learn how to pilot small airplanes. The Frankfurt Zoological Society became the Owen's main sponsor granted him with the money to get a single-engine plane called a Cessna. He used the plane to take surveys of the wildlife. Him and his wife did very close observations of the social life and behaviors of the brown hyenas. People were attracted to their work, which funded for their observations.In 1997, they returned the United States to work in the North-West of the United States and to record their data from their years in Africa. Mark and Delia Owens stayed in a country name d Bostwana. Bostwana is located in the lower-center portion of Africa (22 00 S, 24 00 E) . The capital is Gaborone and Bostwana is about 600,370 square kilometers. The national language in Bostwana is Setswana but the official language is English. The currency is the Pula (P) which is made of one hundred Thebe. Bostwana is in the Central Africa Time.The climate there in the summer is from November to the end of March and usually very high temperatures, also very rainy and cloudy. In 1974, many parts of the country flooded. It was the heaviest ever recorded in Bostwana. The winter season begins in May and ends in August. This is the dry season when there is none to very little rainfall. It is very sunny, however, evening and night temperatures can drop below freezing point. In between April and May, and September and October it is still dry and the days are cooler and nights are warmer. The African lions are the largest of Africa's cats and are active at night.The Lion has excellent binocular vision and is able to see very well in low light. The lions can usually be found lying under shade trees. Lions are very social animals and they team up to hunt their prey. They form in groups called prides. The pride is two groups, one of four to twelve females and cubs, and one of one to six males who mate with the females. The prides are few in places like the Kalahari because of the small abundance of prey, but are larger where there is more prey. Lions are capable of catching a wide variety of prey. They will attempt to catch any animal.They have been known to kill anything from small rodents to elephants but they do usually kill large to medium size ungulates. They may split up into smaller groups to roam free for a few days to weeks. The female lions are much faster than the males because the females hunt more than the males. After the females kill an animal for food the males get their share first because they defend the pride and their territory. A female lion has a pregnancy period of around one hundred and ten days and shortly before she is due to give birth she will leave the pride and find a safe place where she can give birth and raise the young cubs.Lions usually give birth to between one and six cubs, but usually they give birth to only two or three. The female remains away from the pride to protect the cubs from danger until they are four to eight weeks old and until the larger cubs in the pride have been weaned so they are eating meat and won't be in competition against her baby cubs. The Brown Hyenas are a main predator in the Kalahari. They are nocturnal hunters, and will stay active for about eighty percent of the night. They are often killed by lions and spotted hyenas. The Brown Hyenas are less aggressive than the spotted ones.Brown Hyenas has very strong and powerful front legs and smaller back legs. Brown Hyenas have very good senses, they are able to smell a carcass from long distances, and are able to run at high speeds for long distances to get to the carcass before other predators. As well as eating off carcasses, they will also eat fruit, insects, eggs, and will prey on small animals such as rodents, lizards and poultry They mark out territories as large as four hundred and eighty square kilometers. They are also a lot more rare than spotted hyenas.Unlike the Spotted Hyenas, Brown Hyenas will usually not try to take other predators kill. Brown Hyenas usually hunt for food by themselves and cover large distances. Brown Hyenas are sexually mature by three years. Brown Hyenas have pregnancy periods of about ninety-seven days. They give birth to between 1 and 4 babies and it is normally the dominant female that breeds, other females can give birth and use the same den. The young are kept in a den with a narrow entrance to try and prevent predators killing the cubs while the adults are away searching for food.All of the pack help out of the diet of the cubs by carrying food back to the den for them. The members of the pack spend a lot of time at the den playing with the cubs, which helps them learn social behavior. Ungulates are animals that have four legs and that use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to hold their whole body weight while moving. There are two types of ungulate animals, odd-toed ungulate and even-numbered ungulate. The odd-toed ungulate is an animal with hooves that have an odd number of toes. Some examples of a odd-toed ungulate include: zebra, wild donkeys, rhinoceros.A even-numbered ungulate is an animal with hooves that have an even number of toes, which include: aadvarks, hippopotamus, pigs, warthogs, giraffe, nyala, kudu, eland, antelopes, sheep, and goats. These animals feed on different types of plants and grasses for food. A predator is an animal that kills and eats another animal. The animal which is eaten is called the prey. Predator and prey evolve together because most of them live in the same habitat. The prey is part of the predator's environ ment, and the predator dies if it does not get food, so it adapts to whatever is necessary in order to hunt down and kill the prey.The predator needs speed, stealth, camouflage, a good sense of smell, sight, and hearing. Predators may hunt actively for prey, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance. The two main predators in the Kalahari would be the lions and the brown Hyenas. The introduction of fences and drilling of bore-holes to make ground-water available, has made possible farming in the Kalahari, but this also holds the key to destruction. Extensive fencing began in Botswana in the fifties. Beef had became an important industry and the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease arose.European countries refused to accept meat products from Botswana because of fear of contamination. Today, Botswana has more than eight hundred miles of cordon fences through the wilderness and construction of another seven hundred is under way. The fences were made to seperate the country's population of livestock so it could be closed if a bad outbreak occurred. The fences have became a debate because veterinarians do not think it's very effective. Veterinarians have said through different experiments foot-and-mouth disease had not been spread to domesticated livestock. Also, they said no one really knows how it is spread.

Smoking Habits

Substance Abuse Paper HCA 250 September 30, 2012 Substance Abuse Paper I topic I have chosen to discuss is about the dangers of smoking tobacco at young age into adulthood. Smoking Tobacco is the leading cause of premature death in smokers and it has been linked to death of non-smokers which is known as second-hand smoke. Just like Alcohol and drug abuse, smoking tobacco is used for many reasons for example simply being cool, to fit in, peer pressure, and my parents do it. Now let’s discuss the reason why smoking tobacco is dangerous to the smokers and non-smokers.The reason for smoking is psychological, because the way smoking is glamorized in the movies and also in advertisements. This is not the real reason one chooses to smoke; the addiction is due to the nicotine which makes it hard to quit once one has started. One can overcome his or her addiction, when the psychological reasons for smoking are eliminated. The reasons people chose to start smoking tobacco was to show he or she is not timid or afraid, because his or her friends do it, to look cool, to act grown-up, sign of rebellion, parents are smokers, role models smoke, because of advertisement, for weight loss, and to reduce anxiety.The effects of smoking in the workplace can lead to unscheduled smoke breaks, absenteeism, involuntary smoking, second-hand smoke, higher insurance premiums, increased chances of lung cancer in non-smokers and smokers, heart disease in non-smokers and smokers, effects the fetus of a pregnant worker, and irritation of eyes, headaches, nasal discomfort, cough, sore throat, or sneezing. To help employees control his or her smoking habit should begin with restricting smoking in the workplace.By doing this it helps promote a healthy program in the workplace. Considering that exposure to tobacco smoke is a health hazard that many face on a daily basis. Therefore some would agree that this exposure should be addressed, therefore making it a workplace health program for all non-smoker and smokers. In order to help employees control his or her smoking habits is to introduce a smoking policy. When this policy is introduced it should be enforced at all times by smokers and backed by all employers and employees.A company can also help those who want to stop smoking by offering fitness and nutritional counseling, exercise classes, and organized sports activities. The relationship between mental health and tobacco can be good and bad. People with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder receive a calming effect from the nicotine. Although nicotine provides a calming sensation short term, in the long term it can cause mental illness and other health issues.Some people begin to smoke because of depression, although once he or she try to quit they are likely to experience an episode of major depression. One can also experience insomnia, irritability, frustration, anger, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, decreased heart rate, increased appetite, and weight gain. In conclusion smoking tobacco can cause serious damage to every organ in one’s body. It is very harmful to the lungs and the cardiovascular system, this becoming the leading cause of premature death in smokers.It also causes other diseases such as: heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema, peptic ulcer disease, and a stroke. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1991, June). Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov Environment Tobacco Smoke (ETS): Workplace Policy. (2011, March 1). Retrieved from http://www. ccohs. ca Mental Health Realities. (2011, July 18). Retrieved from http://mentalhealthrealities. blogspot. com Sarafino, E. (2011). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (7th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The major theme of Death of a Salesman Essay Example

The major theme of Death of a Salesman Essay Example The major theme of Death of a Salesman Paper The major theme of Death of a Salesman Paper Essay Topic: Death Of a Salesman The major theme of Death of a Salesman, above all else, is about Dreams and how they are the contributing factor of each characters perception of reality. The perception of reality that each character visualizes is of there own highest aspirations in life. The theme of dreams is the most important theme of Death of a Salesman, and I will be examining and comparing this particular theme with three other themes as well. These three themes are as follows: Honesty, Time and Performance. In completing my comparison of all four of these themes, I will weigh the importance of each one against the theme of Dreams, and as a result, come to a solid conclusion that indeed the theme of Dreams is the catalyst of the Lohman familys false perception of reality itself. In examining Death of a Salesman and a few of its most important themes, the theme of Dreams is certainly the most compelling and interesting of the four that I have selected. Each member of the Lohman family are all victims of their own false perception of reality. Their perception of reality is so out of focus that they are all blinded by their own aspirations of being something that they are not, as well as something that they cannot accomplish. This negativity towards the Lohman family is rightfully justified as a result of all three of the Lohman mens lack of ability to succeed and accomplish their very high aspirations. Death of a Salesman is dream-like, and as a result of this theme, it is evident that one of the main characters, Willy Lohman, is inside a dream that is made of life itself. Through Willy, the theme of dreams will be shown throughout the entire play more so then any other theme that I will be discussing. The hopes and dreams of all four members of the Lohman family rise out of reality. By this interpretation of their reality, it is easy to say that reality for the Lohman family is far from the truth. The one member of the Lohman family is far from the truth. The one member of the Lohman family that has any sense of reality is Willys wife, Linda Lohman. Linda tries to keep everything in perspective, and has a decent sense of reality even when her husband drills the idea and his false self confidence in regards to their financial situation into her head. Their financial situation is handled by Linda, yet Willy is the provider of the family and feels the need to always reassure Linda that he is making more then enough money to support the entire family. This is a false realization of the Lohman familys financial situation, and Willys ability to provide for his family the way he would like to will never be achieved. Death of a Salesman is not only about dreams, but about honesty, time and performance. These three themes will be discussed in comparison to the theme of dreams in the following two paragraphs. Willy Lohman had a dream, but this dream was based on Dishonesty. His dreams of being a well-known and prestigious salesman were only dreams, not reality, and should have been acknowledged as such. Unfortunately, Willys dreams of being a great man, as well as being a famous and popular salesman were foolish, yet not unattainable. At the same time, these self-images were very unrealistic and just not true. What Willy presents to his own family about his self-image is a false one, yet his oldest son Biff is infected by these false images of his father. In turn, he believes that he can accomplish and have anything he would like, even when he knows a particular thing is unattainable. Not only is Willy dishonest, but his two sons Biff and Happy are as well. Biff is dishonest several times during the play, and in one instance he stole, or as he claimed borrowed a football from his school claiming that he would return it the next day at school. Willy has two sides to himself most of the time when it comes to Biff. At times, Willy praises him saying how great he was and still is. Other times, he is complaining and venting off steam by talking down at Biff and speaking negatively of him. Because of Biffs false sense of security that his dreams have given him, the theme of dishonestly comes into play more so. This is the case due to the fact that this particular dishonestly would never have taken place if only Biff understood what it meant to be an honest guy. He never got a chance to due to his fathers perception of reality and his false dreams. Willy dreams that one day Biff will become something big, something that he could be proud of. Unfortunately, Biff is incapable of achieving his fathers high expectations for him, and gets very frustrated at times as a result. These dreams are the cause of this particular dishonesty-filled scenario, thus giving the theme of dreams the most importance and acknowledgement. Willy is the most dishonest of all characters in Death of a Salesman, and as such is prime subject of this theme. Willys aspirations and dreams slowly become smaller and as he has grown older, he begun to realize that he is living a lie, a dream. As a result of this realization, he tries to kill himself. Willy is also unsatisfied with his wife Linda at times, so he cheats on her with a woman from Boston. He tries to lie his way out of it, yet is unsuccessful. This is yet another example of his dishonestly. His dreams of wealth not only for his family, but for himself, are very far-fetched. These aspirations, false dreams, and dishonestly were ultimately the death of Willy Lohman.

10 Super Weird College Majors Youve Never Heard Of

10 Super Weird College Majors Youve Never Heard Of You have a passion for something, but you aren’t sure whether there’s a major for that. We’re in an exciting, evolving time now where, depending on where you choose to study, you can kind of go your own way. There are tons of weird, but cool- and real- majors out there for you to explore and extend what drives you. So pick your passion, follow your bliss, and major in something that matters to you. Here are 10 of the weirdest and the coolest ones we’ve found.1. Adventure EdIf you go to Plymouth State University in New Hampshire, you can take courses in Rock Climbing, Canoe Paddling, Wilderness Expedition, etc. in preparation to help teach kids, adults, at-risk populations, and yourself to have challenging experiences in the great outdoors. Your job prospects include working for outdoor education at state or national parks, or even outdoor adventure programs the world over.2. BagpipingShow your Scottish roots- at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, yo u can major in Bagpipe Performance. The major has been around for 75 years.3. Canadian StudiesAt Duke University in North Carolina, it’s not all about American Studies. You can study the literature, politics, and culture of the giant country to the north- regardless of whether or not you hail from there. Learn, in-depth, about our neighbors!4. AuctioneeringThink you’d make a great auctioneer? If you go to Harrisburg Area Community College in Pennsylvania and study things like Audience Communications, Auctioneering Law, Procurement and Appraisal of Merchandise, and Preparations for the Auction, you’ll prep yourself for a very specific career. Job prospects: obvious!5. The BeatlesNo, really. At Liverpool Hope University in the UK, you can â€Å"examine the significance of the music of The Beatles in the construction of identities, audiences, ethnicities and industries, and localities.† Job prospects: Beatles historian (yes, apparently that is a thing) or Po pular Music Studies specialist.6. CitrusIf you go to Florida Southern University, where citrus farming is key, you can learn all you need to know about planting, irrigating, weed managing, pruning, fertilizing, pest controlling, and all other general citrus tree managing. Job prospects are surprisingly numerous: work for large citrus production companies, grove service companies, agricultural cooperatives, juice processing plants, agrochemical and fertilizer companies, or at citrus research facilities.7. Comic ArtComic arts are a real art these days. Study History, Concepts, Storytelling, Print Web Publishing, Composition, Character Development, etc. at the Minneapolis College of Art and Design, then take a job at comic studios as a cartoonist, illustrator or author or in comic book art production.8. EgyptologyLove mummies? At Brown University in Rhode Island, you can prepare yourself for a career as an Egyptologist, historian, or specialized archaeologist by studying all things An cient Egyptian and Mesopotamian.9. Farrier ScienceLearn how to shoe horses at Mesalands Community College in New Mexico. Enjoy courses such as Equine Anatomy and Physiology, Horseshoeing Theory, Blacksmithing, then find yourself your dream career as a self-employed farrier, or work in equine or agricultural industries.10. Pop CultureAre you that person who knows everything about pop culture and doesn’t really care much about anything else? There’s a degree for you at Bowling Green State University in Ohio. Your course load would include things like Intro to Popular Culture or Popular Culture and Media, Black Popular Culture, Television as Popular Culture, Folklife and Material Culture, and History of Popular Literature. And a wide variety of careers might be open to you, including positions in advertising, public relations, journalism, mass media (management, performance, production and marketing), teaching, library and museum work. It never hurts to be a well-rounded person who knows a ton about what’s going on around you.

From Typical Contracts to E-Contracts Assignment

From Typical Contracts to E-Contracts - Assignment Example Therefore it is advantageous as it saves both consumers the time they would have used to travel to the signing offices. Third, the technology has greatly improved efficiency in the real estate sector hence resulting to reduce â€Å"contract-to-closing times.† Also, the electronic contract system reduces deforestation. This is because it has eliminated the use of papers for documentation. Instead, it uses CD’s where the signed documents are stored and issued to the consumers. In addition, the new procedures favor consumers who do not like to reveal their identity. This is because there is no eye contact between the buyer and seller. The only person who gets to meet the consumers is the attorney thus providing privacy to those who value their personal privacy. From the 1st classmate, I would agree with him that it feels different while closing deals through electronic system compared with the traditional way. Despite the difference in two methods, both need much attention as a way of maintaining accuracy. By using this method, consumers risk losing nothing since they are guaranteed protection from the real estate companies. None of their protection will be jeopardized in electronic contracts since all procedures are done in private. To the 2nd classmate, I think you should end the doubts you have towards the e-contract system. It is true people rarely read the whole contract but with the use of e-contracts, one can read them faster than reading hard copies . The search and find tools make all the difference thereby making the transactions easy and transparent. In addition to this, conditions precedent adhere to thereby the whole procedure is done under the discharge performance rule. By this, it means that the completion of the consumers’ contract can only be done through following what was promised before the signing of that contract.

Nursing Research Article Review Worksheet Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Article Review Worksheet - Research Paper Example Moreover, will music therapy to able to display the same ameliorating effects as it has done for other patients dealing with pain management? As music therapy has had a demonstrable effect in lessening the pain of many patients that suffer from other forms of disease, it is the goal of the research to determine if the same can be said for those patients who are suffering from breast cancer. The theoretical framework hinges upon the fact that music therapy has been demonstrably proven to reduce the prevalence of pain within other patients. As such, the researchers are acutely interested to see if such a theoretical framework can extend to their research group/question. In this way although the research questions are of a relatively complex nature, the theoretical framework within which the research is housed is quite simple. The article itself is highly quantitative as it seeks to understand the total benefits that music therapy will affect on the cancer patients through determinate and metricized system of quantifiable measurements. Furthermore, the consecutive and logical grouping of the data helps the analyst not only to quickly recognize the piece’s overall quantitative merit but also to rapidly draw inference from the numbers and statistics

Video assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Video assignment - Essay Example From the film, the United States is brought out as one of the most individualistic society in the world. They tend to put more emphasis on individual achievement, equal rights, informal communication as well as little dependence on authority. The US employees are seen consulting with each other frequently and sharing information openly. They are also extremely comfortable interacting with people they don’t even know, and they aren’t shy doing so. On the other hand, the Japanese managers are more of collectivists. They seem to value harmony and loyalty to both the group and company. The movie successfully brought to light the clash between individualist and collectivist cultures in the most beautiful way. For instance, the Japanese workers performed their duties without complaint and a lower salary and higher production rate consistently. On the other hand, the American auto workers depicted less loyalty to the company compared to the Japanese employees. This is evident when Stevenson (role played by Keaton) tried to convince his American workforce to meet the 15000 production quota. Rather than make concessions to accomplish the company goals like their Japanese counterparts had, the US plant employees immediately started talking themselves out of achieving the goal and further looking for ways to lower the quota. In the beginning, Stevenson thinks that he can get them to push the quota nevertheless. However, he discovered that in the absence of the same level of loyalty, the American workers weren’t as motivated and driven to make the set goal a realit y. Quick advancement and reward appear to be the norm in America and is usually based on merit. On the other hand, Japanese culture values dedication and long service are always rewarded. The expectation of rapid reward by the Americans is depicted in the movie when the plant employees ask if they will receive a reward even if they don’t meet the production quota. This means that they

Developing Profit with Online Sales Promotions

Developing Profit with Online Sales Promotions Promotional Mix is consists of 4ps (Sales promotion, advertising, personal selling, and publicity/public relations) and has a very significant role to play in Business success .Basically, Sales promotion is concerned with ensuring that customer are aware of the different products manufactured by companies and makes available to their customers (Rowley J. 1998).Promotion alters consumer behaviour beyond the normal price/quantity trade-off, change in buying time of the product, as well as how much the customer buys (Blattberg et al., 1995). Marketing Communication is one of the very important Marketing activities and is generally preferred to the term PROMOTION. All of the Marketing communication activities are the form of promotion that is in one way or another try to promote product range brand and/or company (Rowley J. 1998). The Internet is a best tool to provide an efficient way for, Marketing communication. It has been observed that the adoption of the Internet is faster than any other media. Other Medias like Radio (took 38 years) and TV (took 13 years) to reach 50 million users, whereas Internet took only five years to achieve this level (Ellsworth and Ellsworth, 1997). Companies are also conducting promotional programs using social networking websites such as Facebook, Orkut, Hi5, and Twitter. Many researchers realized that Internet would improve the Marketing communication process and it will increase future sales. Internet websites act like an information provider, and organizations encourage customers to visit their websites. Tools such as print advertising, text messaging and broadcast are being used to bring about such visits (Harridge and March, 2004). The development of different tools of promotion, such as sales promotion, advertising and direct marketing have been improved by the development of the technology, which has offered the potential to communicate with customers ( Harridge and March, 2004).This has been done in order to maximize the effectiveness of the tools, but to achieve this a unified integration is needed ( Cornelisessen and Lock, 2001).The synergy generated by such a integration far outweighs the use of individual tools in isolation, although it has been suggested that the Internet has increased effectiveness and efficiency in communicating with customers ( Harridge and March, 2004). Promotions should not be considered as a simply price promotions, rather it should be considered in a broader content and will include advertising budgets, display allowance to the trade, as well as feature and display advertising activity direct to the customer (Blattberg et al., 1995). In order to meet the promotional objectives of any given promotion strategy an appropriate promotional mix must be created. The promotional mix is the mixture of two or more different promotional channels that is used to communicate a promotional message with customers (Rowley J, 1998). 1.2 Problem Discussion In year 2001, over a one third adults of the UK who accessed the Internet also purchased goods or services through it. This means remaining two-third do not shop online. Some companies have been criticized for apparently thinking that all the Internet shoppers are the same, instead of realizing that there are many reasons why a customer may visit a web site (ibid). On the other hand, due to very high competition in Market there is a massive pressure on marketers to increase their spending on the promotional mix. While at the same time top management has examined carefully that promotional expenditures are among one of the most promising areas left for cutting costs and increasing profits. This study puts extreme pressure on Marketers to develop and implement promotional programs within the constraints of tighter budgets and can contribute to their organizations. Hence, it is important to reexamine how promotional money is spent (Srinivasan and Anderson, 2008). In todays Businesses sales promotions are very important Marketing tools but they command a greater portion of the Marketing budget than advertisements. For example, in the USA investments amount on sales promotion is nearly 30 percent of what company spend on advertising alone (d Astous and Jacob, 2005) and in many European countries, expenditures on sales promotion are larger than advertising expenditures (ibid). However, advertisements are very popular and a big business on the Internet, sales promotions on the Internet are still limited. The reason behind this is that Internet is not so common in underdeveloped and developing nations and reaching customers using this technology is difficult because not everyone is accessing Internet (Kumar et al., 2005). Since there are many other problems on which research is needed and I will try to cover them in Dissertation. 1.3 Research purpose and research questions. The Purpose of my Dissertation is to provide understanding on the use of online sales promotions in todays competitive market. How it can be improved and make it more profitable? In order to achieve this purpose I have constructed the following research questions. Que1-How can the types of sales promotions for consumer goods be described? Que2-How can online environment (i.e. Internet) providing types of sales promotion be described? Methodology Purpose of Research According to Yin (2004) the purpose of Research study can be described in three categories: exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory. According to Zikmund (2000) good researchers strive for descriptive precision. Descriptive Research includes: Surveys (questionnaires, Delphi method, normative, interviews) Case studies Job Analysis Co relational studies Documentary Analysis *Development studies and, I will try to conduct questionnaires and include case studies to my dissertation. Descriptive Research is useful to find out the answer of who, what, when, where, and how, and to find the need, difference, Characteristics, and features of subgroups (ibid). Explanatory Research is conducted when we are supposed to identify the causal relationships, among variables (Zikmund, 2000). It helps in determining the best research design, selection of subjects and data collection methods. It relies on secondary Research such as literature reviewing, qualitative approaches such as informal discussion with consumers, management or employees and formal approaches through focus groups, case studies, etc. The Research purpose and questions show that this Dissertation is going to be mainly descriptive and somewhere I will use explanatory Research also to explore and find out the answers to Research questions and to draw conclusions. Research Approach In this study qualitative approach will be used. Qualitative research is used to determine the answer to Why not the How through case studies, emails, interviews, customers feedback forms, photos and videos. It is used to understand peoples attitudes, concerns, behaviours, culture or lifestyles, motivations and helps in taking Business decisions (Yin, 2004). According to Amaratunga et al., (2002) it is difficult to make accountable speech on Qualitative Research in Business economics. The purpose of my Dissertation is to enhance understanding on the use of online environment for sales promotions. On the basis of above discussion Qualitative approach is suitable and hence I will use Qualitative approach. Data collection method According to Yin (2004), for data collection, participant observations are one of the most important sources of case study. These observations provide strength of being real, contextual, and also provide understanding of interpersonal behaviour and motives. It is a mode of observation where researcher is not a passive observer. Instead, researcher may have to play many roles within a case according to situation and may participate in the events being studied (ibid). Therefore, for this Dissertation data would be collected by participant observation. Sample Selection According to Gragiano and Raulin (1997), it is not possible to collect and gain data from all the available sources to solve the research problems and to find the solutions. Techniques provided by sampling reduce the amount of data that is needed to collect from a sub-group (Saunders Thorn hill, 2000). Sample for case studies can be chosen in many ways (Yin, 2004). For my dissertation I will use judgmental or purposive sampling. According to Saunders (2000) purposive sampling enables researcher to use judgment to select cases that will best enable researcher to answer research questions and to meet objectives. It can be use when we have to work with very small samples such as in case study research. http://www.qsrinternational.com/what-is-qualitative-research.aspx